![]() ![]() Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: interaction between alpha 2-noradrenergic system and circulating hormones and nutrients in relation to energy balance. Nocturnal hyperphagia in the rat is characterized by decreased postprandial satiety. The homeostatic feeding response to fasting is under chronostatic control. Rivera-Estrada, D., Aguilar-Roblero, R., Alva-Sanchez, C. The temporal organization of ingestive behaviour and its interaction with regulation of energy balance. The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Glucostatic mechanism of regulation of food intake. ![]() Quantitative analysis of light-phase restricted feeding reveals metabolic dyssynchrony in mice. Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat. Forebrain oscillators ticking with different clock hands. Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurobiology of food anticipatory circadian rhythms. ![]() Astrocytes regulate daily rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and behavior. Astrocytes control circadian timekeeping in the suprachiasmatic nucleus via glutamatergic signaling. Astrocytes in the mammalian circadian clock: putative roles. Hypothalamic clocks and rhythms in feeding behaviour. A chronometric approach to the study of feeding behavior. Circadian clock control of endocrine factors. Transcriptional architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. This Review provides insight into the dual modulation of food intake by homeostatic and circadian processes, describes the mechanisms regulating feeding time and highlights the beneficial effects of correctly timed eating, as opposed to the negative metabolic consequences of mistimed eating. Therefore, in addition to energy intake and dietary composition, appropriately timed meal patterns are critical to prevent circadian desynchronization and limit metabolic risks. Conversely, eating, even eating an unbalanced diet, during the normal active phase reduces metabolic disturbances. As a consequence of these complex interactions, growing evidence shows that chronodisruption and mistimed eating have deleterious effects on metabolic health. Metabolic hormones, circulating nutrients and visceral neural inputs transmit rhythmic cues that permit (via close and reciprocal molecular interactions that link metabolic processes and circadian clockwork) brain and peripheral organs to be synchronized to feeding time. Brain clocks that ensure the circadian control of food intake include a master light-entrainable clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus and secondary clocks in hypothalamic and brainstem regions. These daily windows mostly overlap with the active phase. A network of circadian clocks set daily windows during which food consumption can occur. In addition, food consumption is temporally coordinated by the brain over the circadian (~24 h) cycle. Feeding, which is essential for all animals, is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms. ![]()
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